Five Types of Cultural Studies

            Name   : Savani Manisha R

SEM: II

M.A: I

Paper:  E-c 205 cultural studies

Topic: Five Types of Cultural Studies

Submitted to,

Dr, Dilip Barad,

Department of English,

Bhavnager University,

            The world culture is 'itself so difficult to pin down Culture studies heard to define.

           Elian shouter’s ''culture'' is mode famine difference culture is not so much a discrete appearance at all, but rather a set of practices.

          Five types of culture studies:-

(a)British cultural materialism:-

                                                      Culture stand is referred to as ‘culture materialism in Britain and it. has a long tradition .In the later ninetieth century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the ''givens of British culture Edward Burnet Tyler’s pioneering anthropological study primitive culture or civilization taken in widest anthropology sense is a complete whole whose 'includes knowledge ,belief 'or morals. Law custom and any other capacities’ and habits acquired by man as a manner of society.

(b)New historicism:-

Laputa ''the where ''what did Jonathan swift mean when he gave that name to the flying island in the third voyage of Gulliver’s Travels? It is a question that has political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an ideology left over from the previous century. In modern Britain two trajectories for cultural developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered community in past hear culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past,

(c)American multiculturalism

                                        In which come the five kind of writer.

(a)African American writer

                                                 

                          African American writers is widely pursued in American literature criticism from the recovery of the eighteenth century poets such as Phillies wealthy to the experimental novel of Toni Morison, In Shadow and Act 1964novel Ralph Ellison Argue that any ''viable theater of Negro American culture obligates us to fashion a more adequate theory of American culture as a what''.

(b)Latin/o Writer:-

                              

          Latina/o Writer Hispanic Mexican American, Puerto Rican Nuyarican Chicane may be Huizhou or Maya. Which names to use/ the choice after has political implications.

We will use the term'' Latina/o to indicate a broad sense of Ethnicity among Spanish speaking ,people n the united states Mexican American are the largest and most influential of Latina/o Ethnicities in the united states.

(c)American Indian literature:-

                                               In pre dominantly oral cultures, stalling passes and religious beliefs, moral values, political codes and practical lesson of everyday life .For American Indians stories are a source of strength in the face of centuries of silencing by Euro American.

(d)Asian American writer:-

                                  

                            Asian American literature is written by people of Asian descent in the United States addressing the experience of living in a society that views them as alien. Asian immigrants were denied citizenship as late as the1950s.Edward said has written of Orientals, or the tendency to objectify and exoticism Asian, and their work has sought to respond to such stereotypes Asian American writer include Chinese Japanese , Korean Filipino, Vietnamese, Asian , Polynesian and many other peoples of as a the Indian subcontinent , and pacific.

(d) Post modernism and popular culture:-

                                                                       

                                                       Postmodernism like poststructuralist and deconstruction is a critique of aesthetic of the preceding age, but besides more critique post modernism celebrates the very act of dismembering tradition. Postmodernism question everything rationalist European philosophy held to true , arguing that it is all counting and that most culture constructions have served the function of empowering member of dominant social group at the experience of other ''beginning in the mid1980. Post modernism emerged in art.

(e) Post colonial studies:-

                         

                               Post colonial refer to a historian phase undergone by third world countries after the decline of colonialism for era, when countries in Asian Africa, Latina/o America, and the Caribbean separated from the European emperies and were left to rebuild themselves. Many third words write focus on both colonialism and the change created a postcolonial culture.

Important Characteristic in Oliver Twist

                                     Name   : Savani Manisha R

SEM: II

M.A: I

Paper:  E-C 204 Victorian age.

Topics: Important Characteristic in Oliver Twist

Submitted to,

Dr, Dilip Barad

Department of English,

Bhavnager University

  Introduction:-           

The character in Oliver Twist can be roughly divided into three groups with Oliver Twist and, to a certain extent, Monks acting as a link among them.

The first group callousness and cruelty of workhouse.

The second group belongs to the crime world.

The third group belongs to the middle class word in which Oliver ultimately finds a place.

The important character is Oliver twist, Fagin, Bill Sikes, The Artful Dodger on which the second group Fagin, Bill Sikes and Artful Dodgers come in second group and Oliver come in third group.

Oliver:-

Oliver, as the child hero of melodramatic novel of social protest as the novel’s protagonist. He is also a link among the three different worlds depicted in the novel, the workhouse the crime world and the world of the genteel middle class people. Oliver twist himself is the most obvious example the name ‘’Twist’ through given by accident alludes to the outrageous reversal of fortune that he will experience. Dickens describes Oliver as an’ item of mortality’ Till the end of the novel nothing is specifically known about his parents. The name that he bears is given to him just by chance. All this suggests that Dickens wanted to make him an instrument of exposing the inhumanity and the callousness of the workhouse and the understand. He is a mobile character and the novelisMakes him forty come across the different cross section of the society in order to expose them.

Oliver twist is meant to appeal more to our sentiments than tour literary sensibilities. On many levels ,Oliver is not a believable character, because although he is raised in corrupt surrouging, his purity, and virtue are absolute .Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Oliver’s character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and crime are already evil at birth, arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice . At the same time, Oliver incorruptibility undermines some of Dickens assertions. When Sikes and Crack it force him to assist in a robbery Oliver mealy begs to be allowed to ‘’run away and die in the fields’’ liver does not present a complex picture of a person form between good and evil instead .he is goodness incarnate even if we might feel that Dickens social criticism would have been more effective if he had focused on a more complex person.

Fagin:-

Dickens has made Fagin a Jew and through the novel he identifies himself as á Jew Fagin is the leader of aging of young pick- pocket, who also deals in stolen goods and is quite willing to understand any other villain that might offer him some material benfitsIt is Fagin who is entrusted with the job of convening Oliver into a criminal by Monks. He is referred to as a merry old gentleman and later a number of other epithets like ‘kind’ ’merry’ ‘ pleasant’ or ‘playful’ are applied to him. This throughout the novel Fagin is described in terms of animal imagery. Fagin is the very essence of evil. As Saturn corrupted Adam and Eve and caused their fall from paradise, Fagin corrupts innocent children.

Bill Sikes:-

Bill Sikes is the most terrifying figure in the novel. He is a thief and house breaker for whom there are no limits and no laws except his own self. Dickens tries to reinforce this picture of Sikes with a number of adjective like ‘savage’ surly’ and desperate Sikes outward appearance revel Dickens’s belief that in human beings there is a kind of correspondence between the inner nature and external appearance. Oliver‘s innocence is reflected on his face and so is the monstrosity Sikes.

The Artful Dodger:-

The Artful Dodger, who read name is Jack, Dawkins, is Fagin‘s chief pupil. He is initially responsible for taking Oliver to Fagin‘s den. HE is also the most prominent figure among a host of boys that include charley bates and Tom chilling. He is more resourceful than all the other and he stand out like a splash of color in the dark understand.

The Artful Dodger is one of those characters whose external appearance is fully described

The Dodger has no scruples whatsoever, He is ready to desert a companion if need be. The Artful Dodger precedes so wittily and defiantly against the great villain of the time the court.

Rasa Theory and Natyashastra

Name   : Savani Manisha R.

SEM: II

M.A: I

Paper:  EC-202New criticism

Topics: Rasa Theory and Natyashastra 

                                   Submitted to,

                                                                            Dr, Dilip Barad,

                                                                                       Department of English,

                                                                                         Bhavnager University,

Introduction

                                                                                                                                                       Bharat was first art critic to define rasa us. He must have had in mined Natyasastra and drama when he defined art emotion. He said that rasa is achieved as a result of the functioning of the:

1)     Vibhavas the objective condition causing an emotion,

2)     The anubhavas bodily gestures by which the emotion is expressed.

3)     Vyabhichari bhavas- secondly emotion and sensations which feed the dominant emotion.

4)     Vibhavas include person as well the circumstances that cause or excite the emotion.

What the ancients thought about the name and nature of poetry may be had from the Riks of the Vedas and the of the Upanishads. The Vedic texts declared that the poets were ‘gods’ Kavi was the term they employed. While invoking the foremost of the Gods Ganpati they addressed him as poet’s poet. A human being could become a poet only in so for as he attained to the nature a sates of a god.

The vedic kavi was also a Yogi in the sense that he was absolutely conscious of the process of creation .Apart from the normal consciousll’jagrat’ (the waking states) the Upanishads spoke of subtler states such as swapana (the dream states) susupti (deep sleep) and turiya (the transcendental states) not to mention infraconscious levels. The Upanishadic seer poet could withdraw, ingather or collect, contain and concentrate his consciousness and come out to express his vision and experious. His mental and other instrumental faculties could receive the inspiration in a state of wise passiveness and transcribe it without distortion. He could thus give us the vision and he knew the way to get back to the source and transcript.

Bharat gives us eight kinds of sentiments,

(1)   Erotic

(2)   Comic

(3)   Pathetic

(4)   Furious

(5)   Heroic

(6)   Terrible

(7)   Odious

(8)   Marvelous

These Eight are sentiments named by Brahman, I shall now speak of

(1)Dominant

(2)Transitory

(3)Temperamental states.

Ø The Erotic sentiments:-

The Erotic sentiment proceeds from the Dominant states of love and it has its basis bright attire, for whatever in this word is white, pure, bright and beautiful is appreciated in terms of Dominant state of love.

For Exam:

One who is elegantly dressed is called a lovely person. Just as person persons are named ,after the custom of their father or mother or family in accordance with the traditional authority, so sentiments, the states and other objects connected with drama are given names in pursuance of custom and the traditional authority. It owes its origin to men .Now the terrible sentiment has as its basis the dominant state of fear. And women and relates to the fullness of youth.

Ø The comic sentiment:-

Now the comic sentiment has as its basis the Dominant emotion of laugher. This is created by Determinants such as showing unseemly dress or irrelevant words, mentioning of different faults, and similar other things. This is to be represented on the stage by consequents like the eyes wide or contracting them, perspiration ,color of the face ,and taking hold of the sides. Transitory states in it are indolence, dissimulation, drowsiness, sleep, like. This (sentiment) is of two kinds:

(1) Self-centered

(2)centered in others.

When person himself laughs it relates to the self-centered, but when he makes others laugh it is centered others.

The pathetic sentiment:-

Now the pathetic sentiment arises from the Dominant state of sorrow. It grows from Determinants such as affliction under a curse, separation from dear ones, loss of wealth, death, captivity, flight, accidents or any other misfortune. This is to be represented on the stage by means of consequents such as, shedding tears, lamentation, dryness of the mouth, change of color, dropping limbs, being out of breath, loss of memory and the like. Transitory states connected with it bare indifference, languor, anxiety like.

Ø The Furious sentiment:-

Now the furious sentiment has as its basis the Dominant state of anger .It owes its origin to Raksasas, Danavas and haughty men, and is caused by fights. This is created Determinants such as anger, rape, abuse, insult, untrue allegation, exorcizing like, its actions are beating, breaking, crushing, cutting, piercing, taking up arms, and other similar deeds. This is to be represented on the stage by means of consequents such as red eyes, knitting of eyebrows, defiance, biting of the lips, movement of the cheeks, and the like.

                     The Heroic sentiment:-

Now the Heretic sentiment relates to the superior type of persons and has energy as its basis. This is created by Determinants such as presence of mind, perseverance, diplomacy, discipline, military strength, like. It is to be represented on the stage by consequents such as firmness, patience, heroism, charity, diplomacy and the like.

The heroic sentiment arises from energy, absence of surprise,

This heroic sentiment is to be properly represented on the stage by firmness, patience.

Ø The Terrible sentiment

Now the terrible sentiment has as its basis the dominant state of fear. This is created by Determinants like hideous noise, sight of ghost, panic and anxiety due to jackals and owls, staying in a simply house or forest, sight of death or captivity of dear ones, or news of it, or discussion about it. It is to be represented on the feet, horrpilation, and change of color and loss of voice. Its

Transitory states are paralysis,

  The marvelous sentiment:-

                The marvelous sentiment has as its basis the dominant states of     astonishment. It is created by determinants such as sight of heavenly beings or event’s attainment of desired objects, entrance into a superior mansion, temple, audience hall, and a seven- storied palace and illusory and magical. Acts. It is to be represented on the stage by consequents such as wide opening of eyes, looking with fixed gaze.

The marvelous sentiment is which arises from words chapter, deed and personal beauty.

Ø The odious sentiment

Now the odious sentiment has as its basis the dominant state of disgust. Zit is created by determinants like hearing of unpleasant, offensive, impure and harmful things or seeing them or discussing them. It is to be represented on the stage by consequents such as stopping the movement of all limbs, narrowing down of the mouth vomiting, spiting like. Transitory states in it are epilepsy, delusion, agitation.

The odious sentiment arises. In many ways from disgusting sight, taste, smell, touch a sound which causes uneasiness.

’’ Imagination and Reality’’ in Shadow Lines

                                                 

Name   : Savani Manisha R

SEM: II

M.A: I

Paper:  E-c 202indian writing in English

Topics:’’ Imagination and Reality’’ in Shadow Lines

Submitted to,

Dr, Dilip Barad,

Department of English,

Bhavnager University

                                                                                                                                                         Amitav Ghosh’s shadow lines resist classification. It is basically a memory novel, that weaver together past and present, childhood and adulthood, India and Bangladesh and Britain. Hindu and Bangladesh and Britain. Hindu and Muslim story and happening through the ‘coil within coil of memories unfurl within it. The novel remains still under the right persuasion, the most independent, most elastic, most prodigious of literary forms.

                                                        The shadow Lines begins with a statement about a journey, one that Mayadebi, the narrator’s great-aunt her husband and Tridib,her son, undertook in 1939’ from India to England a journey which will be undertaken again and again, and by other character in the novel, too both physically and the in imagination,sometimes,however from England to India will Tridib’s father is a diplomat, living abroad or in behind and only occasionally visiting Culcutta,but Tridib himself prefers to stay on in their family house in an upper middle class neighbourhood of Calcutta with his elderly grandmother.Everone  in the novel, in fact, house over the shadow lines between imagination and reality , everyone has his or her stories and memories that are based partly on imagination partly on reality, and when they are retold they are relived as well. They interlink and participate in each other so that in the end the boundary between fact and fiction, imagination and reality, disappears, and imagination perceived experience of real life. The shadow lines between people and countries .they inhabit and call their own too, merge and become one. When therefore, Illa shouts out that she has chosen to leave India and live in London because she wants to be free of her past, of her people and of the inhibitions they impose on her, the narrator shots back at her, you can never be free of me.

                  Imagination is not just a part of reality .it can and does create is own reality. Rumor can start a riot, so that the story of the loss of the prophet’s hair in faraway stringer can kill Indian Hindus in Dhaka and make vast crowds of people believe that their water supply has been poised and break up a friendship in Calcutta .For it is imagination that links a people together, not the fact of geographical contiguity. The Bengali feels closer to what is happening on the Indian subcontinent than to evens in china .Which ardor china in china .Which are closer to Calcutta than Delhi or Srinagar, while places in Europe as for away from each other as Khulna and stringer ,in south Asia remain uninvolved with each other , for there is no imaginative connection between them., indeed the Physical fact of geographical boundaries between nations is of no real important the border drawn between the two Bengals has in fact pulled them even closer togher.so closer together. So close that I, in Calcutta/had only two took into the mirror to be in Dhaka, a moment when each city was the inverted image of the other locked into an irrepressible symmetry by the line that was to set us free our looking glass border.

               The Grandmother Memories the Dhaka of her childhood are so sharp, vivid and concrete that her grandson can easily visualize it for himself in another kind of imagination reconstruction of reality. When she gets an opportunity to go there again as an old women, she is at first a little reliant for reality often destroys memories and dreams.

Power Struggle Effect and Love in Wuthering Height

Name   : Savani Manisha R

SEM: II

M.A: I

Paper:  EC-201 Romantic Literature.

 Topics: "Power Struggle Effect and Love in Wuthering Height"

Submitted to,
 Dr Dilip Barad,

Department of English,

 Bhavnager University

            

                           

Introduction

Wuthering Height is the only novel by Emily Bronte It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister charlotte.

The name of the novel comes from the ‘Yorkshire manor on the moors an which the story centers Wuthering is Yorkshire word referring to turbulent wether.The narratives tells the tale of the allencompessing and passionate yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventully destroys them and many around them. Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Height met with mixed review by critics when it first appeared, manily becoz of the narrative‘s stark depiction of mental and physical crulity.

The topic of my Assignments is love, power struggle effect in Wuthering Heights on which first love.

Love: -                                                                                            It should be stated, perhaps, that the novel can’t be considered merely to be a love story .The concept that every reader of Wuthering Heights focuses on is the passion love of Catherine and Heathcliff often to the exclusion of every other them this despite them that other kinds of love are present and that Catherine dieshalf way through the novel. The loves of the second and hindly and the ‘’susceptible heart ‘’of Lockwood receive scant attention from such reader.

Love and passion:-

Love an display in the include Heathcliff and Catherine’s all consuming passion for each other , which while noble in its purity is terribly destructive .

In contract-

The love between Catherine and Edger is proper and civvies rather than passionate. There is a love of peace and comport a socially acceptable love, but it can’t stand in the way of Wuthering Height and Catherine’s more pronouns and more violent connection.

Ø The love between Cathy and Linton is grotesque exaggeration of that between Catherine and Edger.

For Example:-

While Catherine always seems just a bit too strong for Edgar, Cathy and Linton’s love is founded a Linton weakness Linton gets Cathy to love him by playing on her desire to protect and mother him.

The love between Cathy and Hearton which seems to balance the traits of the other loves on display. They have the passion of Catherine and Heathcliff without the destructiveness the gentleness shared by Edgar and Catherine without the dullness or inequality in pours.

Power struggle:-

Wuthering Height this novel proves that love is mysterious force with intense power. This novel shows love between someone you love. Catherine‘s love for Jeathliff both are complementary nature.

We tries to highlight reflection of power in Emily Bronte ‘s Wuthering Heights furthermore, We are tried to discuss how the power struggle reflect manor with different texts of different ages like He let from Elizabeth age and frenstain from romantic age and this them remains the same in every age.

The effect of obsessive Love:-

He got a to the bed, and wrenched open the lattice, bursting as he pulled at it, into an uncontrollable passion of tears.

‘Come in! Come in! He sobbed.

‘’Cathy, do come oh, do, once.

More oh! My heart‘s daring hear me their time. Catherine at last. Whether or not Catherine‘s ghost appears to Lockwood the night he stay at Wuthering Height or if it’s just a nightmare is ambiguous. It is apparent, however, that Heathcliff senses that Catherine‘s ghost appears from time to time .this become evident as the novel progresses.