Indian Writing English

Name: Savani Manisha R,

Paper: 104 Indian Writing English

Topic: Sri Aurobindo view in Indian culture by Michel Diano,

Roll no: 15

M.A: 2

Year -2012-13

                               Submitted To,

Dr, Dilip Barad.

English department,

M.K Bhavnagar University

           Sir Aurobindo view in Indian culture by Michel Diano

                         Sri Aurobindo was born in Calcutta on is August 1872. At the age of seven he was taken to England for education and in 1890 went up to king’s college Cambridge and here he stood in the first class and also passed the final examination for the Indian civil service. Returning to India in 1893, he walked for the next thirteen years in the princely state of Baroda in the service of the Maharaja and as a professor in Baroda College. During this period he also joined a revolutionary society and took a leading role in secret preparation for an uprising against the British government in India.

                           After the partition of Bengal in 1905. Sri Aurobindo quit his      post in Baroda and went to Calcutta, where he soon becomes one of the leaders of the e nationalist movement. He was the first political leader of India to openly put forward, in his journal Banda mat ram, the aid of complete independence for the country. Prosecuted twice for sedition and once for conspiracy, he was released each time for lake of evidence.

                       Sri Aurobindo had begun the practice of yoga in1905 in Bengal. In 1908he had the first of several fundamental spiritual realization in 1910 he withdraw from politics and went to Pondicherry in order to devote himself entirely to his inner spiritual life and work. During his forty years in Pondicherry, he evolved a new method of spiritual realization that not only liberates his man’s consciousness but also transforms his nature.

         In 1920 with the help of his spiritual collaboration, the mother he founded the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. Among his many writings are the lives divine. The synthesis of yoga and savitri Sri Aurobindo left his body on 5 Des 1950.

       Indian life was always so trivial, always so vulgar so loveless, poll and awakened as the Europeans have made it. This well appointed comfort oppress me, this perfection of machinery will not allow the soul to remember that it is not itself a machine. Is this then the end of the long march of human civilization this spirit all suicide, this quite petrifaction of the soul into matter. Europe boasts of her science and its marvels. But to the bragger intellect of Europe he Indian is bound to reply. I am not interested in what you are with all your discoveries and inventions, what have you become? Your enlighten is great but what are these strange creatures that more about in the electric light you have installed and imagine that they are human?

                 In an essay in 1948and entitled The Renaissance in India, Sri Aurobindo presents us with a masterly view of India’s culture through the ages her essential spirit and her characteristic soul., her unique genius and power which gave her remarkably long periods of greatness and an unusually prolific creativity that which allowed her to survive for so long which other ancient civilizations faded away. He explains the basis of her   strength that which enabled her to resist so many attempts at crushing her culture.

                        ‘’spirituality is the matter key of the mind. The sense of infinity is native to it’’ It is a defense of Indian civilization and culture with essay an Indian spirituality, religion, art, literature, and polity. Sri Aurobindo began the ‘foundations’’ series as a review of Sri John wudruff’s back is India civilized? Continued it with a rebuttal of the hostile criticism of William Archer I ‘India and its future and concluded it with his own estimation of India‘s civilization and culture.

                       In Sri Aurobindo ‘s India is one of the greatest of world ‘s civilization because of its high spiritual aim and the effective manner in which it has impressed force of this culture ‘’he wrote’’ its care of thought it ruling passion not only did it make spirituality the highest aim of life ,but it even tried.. To turn the whole of life make towards spirituality. ‘’Sri Aurobindo held that an aggressive defense of India culture was necessary to counter the invasion of the predominantly materialistic modern western culture. His foundation is precisely such a defense.

                  The Renaissance in India consists of four essays that were first published in Aryan from August to November 1918. In the first and the essay, Sri Aurobindo discusses the appropriateness or lack there of the term ‘Renaissance ‘’ for what happened in India. He refutes some common European misconceptions and the nature of India civilization, misconceptions that have been echoed by westernized Indians too. In order to do so he outlines three characteristics of ancient Indian society .He says that spirituality is indeed the master key of the Indian mind that ancient India I smacked by .

1)   ‘’Her stupendous vitality her inexhaustible power of life and joy of life.

2)  Her almost unimaginably profit creativeness and finally

3)   That the third power of the ancient Indian spirit was a strong intellectuality.

    He then cultures ‘’three movement of retrogression’’

1)  ’shrinking of that superabundant vital emerge and a fading of the joy of life and the      joy of creation.

2) Secondly rapid cessation an old intellectual activity’ and finally.

3) The diminution of the power of Indian spirituality.

Sri Aurobindo then identifies three impulses that arise from the ‘impact of European life and culture.

                            In the second essay he rephrases then the western impact reawakened ‘’agree activity of the intellect’’ it threw definitely into ferment of modern ideas into the old culture ‘’ and ‘’it made us turn are look upon all that our past contains with new eyes . These are a revival of the dormant intellectual and critical impulse the rehabilitation of life and an awakened desire for new creation and a revival of the national spirit by the turning of the national mind its past. It is this ‘’awaking vision impulse’ that Sri Aurobindo feels is the Indian renaissance such a renaissance would have light of Indian spirit , the endeavor to formulate to greater synthesis of a spiritualized society is one of the most difficult.

                          

                                       This great and ancient was once the fountain of human light. The appeal of human civilization the exemplar of courage and humanity the perfection of good government and settled society the matter of all religious the teacher of all wisdom and philosophy. It has suffered much at the hand of inferior civilizations and more savage peoples; it has gone down into the shadow of night and tasted after of the bitterness of death. It pride and its glory has departed. Hunger and misery and despair have become the masters of this fair sail these noble hills, these ancient reveres, these cities whose life story goes back into prehistoric night, all or calamities have been but a discipline of suffering because for the great mission before s property was not sufficient, adversity had also its training to taste glory of power and beneficence and joy was not sufficient the knowledge of weakness and torture and humiliation was also needed

      Aurobindo tells about the national education that Indian student is very strong and capacity for good education but that the good system of education in India

Neo – classical Literature,

Name: Savani Manisha R,

Paper:  (102) Neo – classical Literature,

Topic: satirical exposure of fictional illusion,

Roll no: 15

M.A: 2

Year -2012-13

                               Submitted To,

Dr, Dilip Barad.

English department,

M.K Bhavnagar University

‘’Gulliver’s Travels ‘’ is a great work of social satire.

                              Swift‘s age was an age of smug complacency. Corruption was rampant and the people were still satisfied. Thus Jonathan Swift tears the veil of smug complacency off which had blinded the to realities. In ‘’ Gulliver‘s Travels’’ there is a satire on politics’ human physiognomy, intellect manners and morality.

             Satire in the first voyage of Lilliput:

                 

           Swift satirizes on politics and political tactics practiced in England through Lilliputians, the, the dwarf’s of six inches height. He satirizes the manner in which political offices were awarded by English king in his time. Flimnap, the treasurer, represents Sir Robert Walpole who was the prime minister of England, Dancing on tight ropes symbolizes Walpole’ skill in parliamentary tactics and political intrigues . The ancient temple, in which Gulliver is housed in Lilliput ‘refers to Westminster Hall in which Charles I was condemned to death. The three fine silk threads awarded as prizes to his favorites. The Lilliputians were highly superstitious.

                ‘’They bury their dead with their head directly downwards because they hold an opinion that after eleven thousand moons they are all to rise again’’

                                 Gulliver’s account of the annoyance of the Empress of Lilliput on extinguishing fire in her apartment is Swift’s satirical way of describing Queen Anne ‘s annoyance with him on writing’’ A Tale of  a Tub ‘’  Swift ‘s satire becomes  amusing when Gulliver speaks of the conflict between the Big Indians and the Little Indians. In this account Swift is ridiculing the conflicts between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. High Heel and Low Heel represent Whig and Tory – two political parties in England

    Satire in the second voyage of Brobdingnag:

                                There is a general satire on human body human talents and human limitations. Gulliver gives us his reaction to the coarseness and ugliness of human body. When Gulliver gives an account , to the king of Brobdingnag,  of the life in his own country, the trade , the wars , the conflicts in religion, the political parties, the king remarks that the history of Gulliver ‘s country seems to be series of conspiracies, rebellions, murders , revolutions and banishment etc..King condemns the fatal use of gunpowder and the books written on the act of governing. King mocks at th3e human race of which Gulliver is the agent.

‘’The most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the truth’’

                      

                     Swift here ridicules human pride and pretension. The sight is, indeed, horrible and disgusting. Among the beggars is a woman with a cancer in her breast.

‘ I t stood prominent six feet, and could not be less than sixteen in circumference … spots and pimples that nothing could appear more nauseous.’’

                             There is man with a huge tumor in his neck; author beggar has wooden legs but the most hateful sight is that of the lice crawling on their clothes. This d3escription reinforces swift views of the ugliness and foulness of the human body.

In the third voyage to Luputa:

                      There is a satire on human intellect, human mind and on science, philosophy and mathematics. However, his satire is not very bitter. We are greatly amused by the useless experiments and researches, which are going on at the academy of projectors in Lagado. Here scientists wants to extract sunbeams out of cucumbers ,to convert human excrement into its original food , to build house from the roof downward to the foundation, to obtain silk from cobwebs and to produce books on various subjects by the use of machine without having to exert one’s brain.

‘’Their heads were inclined either to the right or to left , one of their eyes turned inward , and the other directly up to Zenith.’

’

                 Swift amuses us by making a fun of the people whose sole interests are music and geometry.

‘’They made a lot of theories but practically nil.’’

                                Swift here ridicules scientists, academics, planers, intellectual, in fact, all people who proceed only according to theory which are useless when they come to actual practice. He satirizes historian and literary critics though Gulliver‘s interviews with the ghosts of famous dead. The point satire vies that historian often distorts facts and literary critics often misinterpret great authors like Homer and Aristotle.

In the forth voyage:

                        There is a bitter poignant satire on human moral shortcomings. Voyage contains some of the most corrosive and offensive satire on mankind. The description of the Yahoos given to us by Gulliver is regrettable.

‘’ Yet I confess I never say any sensitive being so detestable on all accounts: and the more I came near them, the more hateful they grew.’’

By contrast, the Houyhnhnm's are nobleman benevolent horses who are governed by resonant lead an ordered life. It is indeed a bitter criticism on the human race to be compared by the Houyhnhnms. The satire deepens when Gulliver gives an account, to the master Houyhnhnms.The satire deepens when Gulliver gives an account to the master Houyhnhnms. The satire deepens when Gulliver gives Houyhnhnms of the events in his country. He tells him that war in Europe countries was sometimes due to the ambition of the kings and sometimes due to the corruption of the ministers. He speaks of the numerous deadly weapons employed by European nations for destructive purposes. Many people in his country ruin themselves by drinking, gambling and debauchery and many are guilty of murders theft, robbery, forgery and rape. The master speaks of the master the Houyhnhnms are excellent beings.

‘’Here was neither physician to destroy my body not lawyer to ruin my fortune : no informer to my words and action .. here were no backbiters , pickpockets, highway men, house- breakers… politicians, wits murders ,robbers, no cheating shop keeper or mechanics, no pride vanity or affection.’’

                              Thus, Gulliver’s travels as full of satirical novel by Jonathan swift. The satire is the symbolic significance of novel and swift do the satire in England society.

Litrery theory and criticism,

                                     

Name: Savani Manisha R,

Paper: Literary theory and criticism,

Topic: Aristotle, the theory of mimeses

Roll no: 15

M.A: 2

Year -2012-13

                               Submitted To,

Dr, Dilip Barad.

English department,

M.K Bhavnagar University

                                               Aristotle belongs to the 1^st century b.c he was the displine of Plato .but he was not impressed by the extreme point of view of his master reading contributed to all the branch of study through his deep neutral thinking. He expresses his view on poets and poetry in his famous book the’ poetic’. His comments on poetry are answer to Plato objection to poetry and poets . Unlike Plato, Aristotle looks at poetry without any prejudice criticize all the major literary forms like epics, lyric , tragedy and comedy in his book . He observes that all fine arts essentially included imitation. He emphasis es the view that the chief  function and not to teach moral lesson .Aristotle had the Greek models on hand when  he commented upon poetry. He distinguishes of the human mind. He says that any work of art included three elements . They are the object, imitation ,the medium in which the object is presented and the way in which the object is treated . Aristotle at length, discusses the tragedy in ‘The poetics ‘ and gives the definition of tragedy that ‘’if the poet imitates something less than life ‘he also gives something more. He further observes that any work of art is not the exact imitation of the object proper. In other words , art is not the carbon copy of life. He says that the artistcreates something more than the physical object through his imagination . In that case the part is greater than the whole.

                        Aristotle shows the importance of the poetics, truth and comments on poetry solely from aesthetic point of view. He told about the design or the format of work of art. He says that any work of art offers an organic whole , Moreover, he observes that the artist presents probable impossibilities rather than possible improbability in a work of art . It means the artist tells about the probability of the actual events. The things of the actual events. The things that may not have happened in real life, may take place in poetry . the artist is not interested  in the events of life only sometimes the events might have happened in real life but if they look improbable or unconvincing in poetry, the poet would avoided to depict such events in a work of art . Through the term probable impossibilities Aristotle gives answer to the tragedy , Aristotle gives the term ‘Katharina means purgation of emotions . Kathasis is a Greek word and it refers to the purification of the passions of our minds . When we watch the stage , we, as avoidance, identity ourselves with the hero of the tragedy and through pity and fear we sympathies with the hero. We may not be put in the same condition in real life . our evil through are purified by watching the tragedy . Aristotle believes that art should not be necessarily didactic and art is not a slavish imitation of reality .  

                          Aristotle did not invent the term ‘’imitation’’ Plato was the first use the word in connection with poetry but Aristotle breathes into its new and definite meaning ,so that poetic imitation no longer remains mere mimicry a mere act of servile copying but becomes an act of imaginative creation by makes something new out of it.

                           In Aristotle’s view it is the principle of imitation which unites poetry with the other fine arts. Imitation is the common basis of all the fine arts, and it is this fact of imitation which difference the fine arts from the other category of arts of Example the useful arts . While plato has equated poetry with painting , Aristotle equates it with music. It no longer remains a mere servile representation of the surface or the appearance of things ,but in his theory it becomes a representation of the surface or the appearance of things ,but in his theory it becomes  a representation of the passions and emotions men, which are also imitated by music Thus Aristotle   by his theory enlarged the scope of imitated by music.

       In plato we have seen the ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry ,As against that Aristotle examines the nature and qualities of imaginative literature with a view to justify that . It is true serious and useful wheres plato says that it is falls trivicol and harmful.

      All kinds of poetry for example epic, tragic ,comic etc or presentation . All kinds of poetry are distinguish by their medium the aspects of life they represent and the way in which it is repress for ex The painter and poet.

   Aristotle examines the nature and different qualities of imagination literature with a view to established that it is true serious and useful where as plato says that it is false trivial and harmful Aristotle examine . The books with which he was familiar . He describes what he literature is rather then what it should be he describes the nature and function of literature and the value that emerges from its functions.

           He defiance of poetry Aristotle says that the poet does not merely imitated or represent particular event or situation which he happens to have noted .

           He handles OT in such way that he brings out its universal characteristic elements. Thus he makes the thing batter irrespective of it’s historical truth . According to Aristotle the poet works ‘’According to the lock of probability or necessity’’not according to the chance observation. Thus he is more scientific and serious then the historian . Historian is restartable to they range of actual happenings only. He can not depict the think what is more probable according to the human physiology.

       The poet creates his own self officiant  word in which the happening of his story are probable.Because his world is based on the elements of real world .There for his world is an illumination of the accepts of the real world. Thus he goes very nearer to truth.

            For example in paradise lost Satan is a villain but he is described by poet such a way that we fed it is hero through he is villain his qualities makes him great.

         Thus this is a difference between art and craft technique Pius vision but only craft can not produce . All art implies craftsmanship but all craftsmanship does not necessarily produce art. This leads as to the philosophical question of the nature and value of poetry.

            Thus Aristotle reject all the objections of plato to poetry and thereby defends poets from the attack of plato